These Acehnese were so though to subdue that there is a monument in
the Netherlands for the general ( Van Heutzsch ) who finally could
early 1900's.
I dont know much about the Aceh conflict of last decades ( or now ) but its older history is intresting though.
What is now a large state Indonesia was usually a blanket of many
independent of small and larger states, rivalling each other. In the
1700's and 1800's some of these states had been subdued by the Dutch
while many resisted untill the 1900's . One of these states was the
islamic sultanare of Aceh in north of Sumatra, Indonesia.
short history :
Aceh ( in older times called Samudra -Pasai ) became an Islamic
sultanate in the 1200's because the ruler converted ( acording to the
chronicles due contact with Persian traders ). They became strong
propagaters themselves and from there islam expanded in the region,
mostly by peaceful means. For example , the ruler of citystate Malacca (
in Malay peninsula ) across the straits, became muslim because he
married a princess of the sultan of Pasai ( Acheh) in the 1400's .
Others in this region followed but inspite bloodrelations, brotherhood
ideals etc all these sultanates were often great rivals /enemies.
When the portugese came in the 1500's they managed to get some
footholds in the Malacca straits region. In 1511 they had conquered the
capital of Malacca sultanate ( 1511 ) in Malay peninsula and they also
gained a foothold in Acheh. This proved to be short and in 1523 they
were defeated and ousted by Achenese Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah.
In the 1600's Acheh grew dramitically in power. It became a well
organized state and important islamic entre of learning . It had a
strong organized army with a large fleet equipped with cannons etc. It
also became the most important entrepot for muslim and other foreign
traders. It was rather Acheh than the Portugese, that controlled the
straits making Portugese Malacca decline in importance.
All this time Acheh and the Portugese were having countles battles
in wich to protect their commercial interests . The
portugese attempted to conquer Aceh several times but without succes.
The Achenese on their turn beseiged and bombed Portugese Malacca several
times( see picture below ) but without desired result either.
Inspite all the wars with the Portugese, Aceh itself became an
imperialist power in the region and conquered several sultanates in
Sumatra and Malay peninsula up to southern Thailand ..
Because of expansionist wars, its rival the Johor sultanate (
extreme south part of Malay peninsula) alliied with the Portuguese .
Together they inflicted a defeat on Aceh in a naval battle ( A few years
later the same Johor sultanate sided with the Dutch to defeat the
Portugese in Malacca by which Malacca fell in Dutch hands in 1641 ).
After this battle Aceh had lost its possesions in Malay peninsula but it
kept an an independent and significant power.
Its interesting to note that Acheh had good contacts with the
Ottomans. In fact, due to their common aversion against the Portugese,
the Ottomans send weapons (guns and cannons ) to aid them. An intresting
fact is that Acheh eventually produced cannons and guns as well and
supplied others with it , for exampe the Sultan of the Maledives (Male )
who defeated the Portugese with cannons casted in Acheh.
In the 1800's the 2 main colonial powers in the region were the
Dutch and The British . They signed a treaty (1824 ) in wich Aceh would
fall in the Dutch influence sphere.
Eventually, the first Aceh war war started in 1873 . The Dutch were
defeated and several commanders ( like general Kohler ) were killed.
Kolonel van Daalen made the Dutch army withdraw. ( see Van 't Veer , the
Atjeh oorlog, 1980 )
The events were a great shock for the Netherlands, so everything
had to be done to conquer it. The next year the Dutch started a new war
and invaded the place (1874 ) with 10.000 soldiers. They captured the
capital Banda Aceh (Kotaradja ) but this had been abonded the nights
before and the war went on in the outer regions without much result for
the Dutch. Little more than 50 square kilometer was controlled. ( Van 't
veer 1980)
Around 1900, after some 30 years of costly wars, the state of Aceh
had still not surrendered and Dutch control was limited to a few coastal
cities. Now the 4 th Acehwar (1898-1910 ) started. The new Dutch
general Heutzsch had a new "strategy" . Part of it was random killing of
civillians ( including children and women) by which the local
population would be decimated ( Van 't Veer , 1980 ).
The "Van Heutsch method " ( maybe not much different from genocide)
combined with the capturing of some guerilla leaders finally worked.
The reigning Sultan Tuanka Daud Shah gave in. In 1903 he signed the
treaty by wich it would be loyal to the Dutch crown.
Several guerilla groups did not agree with this treatyand some
resistance continued untill World War II making Aceh a region which was
only partly pacified.
The war endured some 4 decades, costed some 10.000 Dutch lives ,
more than 100.000 Achinese, biggest part civillians ( ibid ).
Ironically, 40 years of war were needed to make it Dutch possesion for
about the same duration.
references : Paul van 't Veer, De Atjeh-oorlog, De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam, 1980.
Link : http://archive.worldhistoria.com/aceh_topic19709_page1.html
